In 1917 Poland was recognised as a state by Russia, but the Bolshevik coup threatened this. The Polish leader Marshal Pilsudski hurried to build an army around Polish World War I veterans, and in 1918 war broke out for Poland's independence, involving the Poles, the Red and White Russian armies, at [...]

The Conquest of Mexico is a legendary chapter in the annals of military history. Accounts vary, but all portray the fall of the Aztec Empire as a super-human feat achieved against hordes of superstitious savages by only a few hundred Spaniards armed with superior weaponry and guided by the military [...]

In May 1757 Frederick the Great invaded Bohemia, smashed an Austrian army outside Prague and bottled it up inside the besieged city. The Empress Maria Theresa could not sit by and allow the second city of the Empire to be captured and Marshal Daun was despatched with 60,000 fresh troops to its relie[...]

Sieges played a central role in the many conflicts of the Ancient World and many famous generals, including Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Caesar and Trajan, successfully used siegecraft to gain their objectives. This title explores the range of techniques and tactics which developed during t[...]

Germany's Atlantic Wall was the most ambitious military fortification program of World War II. Following its conquest of Western Europe, Germany had to defend some 5,000km of Atlantic coastline from the Spanish border to the Arctic Circle. The United States' entry into the war and the inevitability [...]

The Rhine River represented the last natural defensive barrier for the Third Reich in the fall of 1944. Although Hitler had been reluctant to allow the construction of tactical defense lines in France, the final defense of the Reich was another matter. As a result, construction of a Rhine defense li[...]